The lion kingdom finally learned that film projectors used a grabber to pull 1 frame at a time in front of the lightbulb & hold it for 2/3 of a frame duration. A shutter created 3 flashes of light when the film was in the same position instead of creating 1 long flash, because of a peculiar ability of the human eye to perceive 1 long flash every 24th of a second but not 3 short flashes. Then the grabber advanced the film when the shutter was blank.

2 loops of excess film translated the single frame steps into continuous movement for the audio scanner. The early projectors used the light of unshielded arc welding, vaporizing 4" of electrode every 20 minutes in air, with a worm drive automatically advancing the electrode.


Today's projectors use lasers as the light source, but do not scan with the laser. The color rendition will never be the same as it was with the old carbon arc.